Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used throughout this book:

Italic

Used for commands, URLs, filenames, file extensions, directory or folder names, emphasis, and new terms where they are defined.

Constant width

Used for all code listings and to designate anything that would appear literally in a Python or C program. This includes module names, method names, class names, function names, statements, and HTML tags.

Constant width italic

Used for general placeholders that indicate that an item should be replaced by some actual value in your own program.

Constant width bold

Used to emphasize particular lines within code listings and show output that is produced.